Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive endoscopic surgical technique used to remove early-stage gastrointestinal tumors or lesions that are located in the mucosal layer of the digestive tract. This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, flexible tube with a camera and light attached to it, which allows the surgeon to see inside the body and accurately remove the lesion without the need for traditional open surgery. ESD offers several advantages over traditional surgical techniques, including a lower risk of complications, shorter recovery times, and the ability to preserve more healthy tissue surrounding the lesion. It is commonly used to treat early-stage gastrointestinal cancers, such as early-stage esophageal, stomach, or colorectal cancer, as well as precancerous lesions like adenomas. Overall, ESD is considered a safe and effective treatment option for early-stage gastrointestinal tumors or lesions, with high success rates and low rates of recurrence. However, it requires specialized training and expertise to perform, and not all patients may be suitable candidates for this procedure.